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By the end of 2024, the total size of CeFi loans will be US$11.2 billion, down 68% from the historical peak in 2022. Alex Thorn, head of research at Galaxy Digital, said in an article on X that based on a review of public documents, bankruptcy documents, and voluntary disclosures by active lenders, by the end of 2024, the total size of centralized finance (CeFi) loans was $11.2 billion, down 68% from the historical peak (ATH) of $34.8 billion in 2022. By the end of 2024, the largest CeFi lenders by outstanding loan book size were: Tether, Galaxy, Ledn, Coinbase, Maple, Unchained, Centrifuge, Goldfinch, Arch, and TrueFi. While DeFi is fairly transparent, CeFi lending is more opaque. However, when combined, the outstanding loan market size is about $30 billion. Today, the outstanding loan market size of DeFi has surpassed CeFi. If you add in collateralized debt position (CDP) stablecoins such as DAI, the size will exceed $35 billion. In fact, DeFi currently accounts for more than 60% of the cryptocurrency lending market.

1. Introduction to Ethereum Ethereum is an open-source, decentralized blockchain platform that enables developers to build and deploy smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Launched in 2015 by Vitalik Buterin and other co-founders, Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency after Bitcoin in terms of market capitalization. While Bitcoin is primarily a digital currency, Ethereum functions more like a decentralized global computer that can run code autonomously. 2. What Makes Ethereum Unique? Smart Contracts: Self-executing agreements coded to perform actions automatically when conditions are met. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): The environment that runs smart contracts on Ethereum. Decentralized Applications (dApps): Apps built on Ethereum that operate without a central server. Programmability: Ethereum allows developers to create custom tokens, apps, and services. 3. How Ethereum Works Blockchain: A public ledger that records transactions and contract activity. Nodes: Computers that maintain and validate the blockchain. Accounts: Externally Owned Accounts (EOA): Controlled by private keys (users). Contract Accounts: Controlled by code (smart contracts). 4. Ethereum vs Bitcoin 5. Major Upgrades: Ethereum 2.0 & The Merge Originally launched using Proof of Work (PoW), Ethereum transitioned to Proof of Stake (PoS) in September 2022 through an event known as The Merge. Proof of Stake: Validators are selected based on how much ETH they stake, rather than computational power. Benefits: ~99% reduction in energy usage More scalable and eco-friendly 6. The Ethereum Ecosystem Ethereum powers a large and diverse ecosystem: DeFi (Decentralized Finance): Platforms like Uniswap, Aave, and MakerDAO offer lending, trading, and yield farming. NFTs: Projects like CryptoPunks and Bored Ape Yacht Club are built on Ethereum. DAOs: Community-run organizations that use smart contracts to make decisions. Stablecoins: USDC, USDT, and DAI are popular Ethereum-based stablecoins. Layer 2s: Solutions like Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync improve scalability. 7. Use Cases of Ethereum Tokenization: Create ERC-20 and ERC-721 tokens. Gaming: Blockchain-based games with real digital ownership. Finance: Decentralized lending, borrowing, insurance. Identity: Secure and verifiable self-sovereign identity systems. Voting: Transparent digital governance. Supply Chain: Track product history and authenticity. 8. Advantages of Ethereum Flexible & Programmable Large Developer Community Secure and Transparent Interoperable with Other Chains Constantly Evolving through Upgrades 9. Challenges and Criticisms Scalability Issues High Gas Fees During Peak Times Smart Contract Risks (Bugs & Exploits) Rival Competition (e.g., Solana, Avalanche, BNB Chain) 10. Ethereum’s Future: The Roadmap Ethereum's ongoing development includes: The Surge: Scalability improvements with rollups and sharding The Scourge: Reduce miner extractable value (MEV) The Verge: Lighter client software (stateless clients) The Purge: Prune historical data for efficiency The Splurge: Final improvements and upgrades Goal: Make Ethereum scalable to 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) 11. ETH as a Cryptocurrency Ticker: ETH Uses: Gas fees for transactions Staking for network validation Collateral in DeFi apps Market: Second-largest crypto globally after Bitcoin 12. Ethereum in Africa and Emerging Markets Ethereum is popular in regions like Nigeria for: Investment and Trading Stablecoin Transactions P2P Payments NFT Sales and Digital Art Building Local dApps and Startups 13. Conclusion Ethereum is more than just a cryptocurrency — it’s a decentralized platform for innovation across finance, art, governance, and technology. With its strong community, clear roadmap, and widespread adoption, Ethereum remains a foundational layer for the future of the internet and Web3.$ETH

--- $ETH --- What Exactly is Ethereum? Imagine if the internet could run itself—no middlemen, no centralized servers, and full control in your hands. That’s the idea behind Ethereum. Ethereum is a blockchain platform that allows developers to build smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Unlike Bitcoin, which is mainly digital money, Ethereum is more like a global computer—a place where code runs without being shut down, censored, or tampered with. Launched: July 30, 2015 Native Coin: Ether (ETH) Inventor: Vitalik Buterin Consensus Mechanism: Proof of Stake (as of 2022) --- The Vision Behind Ethereum Vitalik Buterin, a young Canadian-Russian programmer, felt Bitcoin was too limited. He wanted a blockchain that could support a wider range of applications. So he co-founded Ethereum to be programmable—letting people build everything from games to financial tools on the blockchain. Ethereum’s mission? To become the foundation for a decentralized internet (Web3). --- How Ethereum Works 1. Smart Contracts Smart contracts are lines of code that execute automatically when conditions are met. No trust needed. No third party. Just pure automation. Example: A decentralized insurance contract that pays out if a flight gets delayed—without needing an insurer to approve it. 2. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) This is the heart of Ethereum. The EVM runs all the smart contracts and makes sure they work the same way everywhere. 3. Ether (ETH) ETH is used to: Pay for transactions (called gas) Stake and earn rewards as a validator Power apps and smart contracts --- Ethereum’s Major Shift: The Merge In September 2022, Ethereum underwent The Merge, switching from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS). This was a massive upgrade that: Cut energy usage by over 99% Introduced staking, where validators lock up ETH to secure the network It was like replacing a rocket engine mid-flight—and it worked. --- Why Ethereum Matters Ethereum is the backbone of almost everything cool happening in crypto: DeFi (Decentralized Finance): Trade, borrow, and earn without banks NFTs: Digital art, collectibles, and in-game assets DAOs: Online communities running like co-ops with shared ownership Stablecoins: Like USDC and DAI, pegged to the dollar but running on-chain All of this lives on Ethereum or is inspired by its architecture. --- Strengths of Ethereum Flexible and Programmable: You can build almost anything on it. Massive Community: Developers, users, and builders are everywhere. Security: One of the most battle-tested blockchains in existence. Interconnected: Most other chains and tools are compatible with Ethereum’s standards. --- But Ethereum Isn’t Perfect High Fees: During busy times, gas fees can be crazy expensive. Scalability Issues: It’s not the fastest—yet. Complexity: Running a node or writing contracts can be tricky. Risk of Bugs: Smart contract flaws have led to big losses (e.g., The DAO hack). --- What’s Being Done to Improve It? Ethereum has a roadmap to make itself better, faster, and cheaper: a. Layer 2 Solutions These are like express lanes on top of Ethereum—faster and cheaper. Examples: Arbitrum Optimism zkSync b. Sharding (Coming Soon) This splits Ethereum into smaller parts (shards), so it can handle more data and scale efficiently. c. Danksharding & Proto-Danksharding New upgrades aimed at making data availability more efficient—coming in future updates like EIP-4844. --- Ethereum’s Role in Web3 Ethereum isn’t just a crypto project—it’s the foundation for the decentralized internet. With Ethereum, we’re moving from platforms that control us to platforms we control. Your data = your ownership Your money = your rules Your code = runs forever --- Ethereum in 2025 (So Far) Staked ETH: Over 30 million ETH staked Major Upgrades: Ongoing developments toward scalability and decentralization Global Adoption: Used by developers, institutions, and even governments Real World Assets: Traditional assets like bonds and stocks are being tokenized on Ethereum --- Conclusion: Ethereum’s Big Idea Ethereum isn’t just another coin—it’s a platform redefining the internet and finance. It’s a place where ideas become unstoppable code. Whether you’re into finance, gaming, art, or community building, Ethereum has a place for you. ---

--- $ETH --- 1. What Is Ethereum? Ethereum is a blockchain-based platform designed not only for peer-to-peer transactions like Bitcoin, but also for smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Symbol: ETH Launched: July 2015 Creator: Vitalik Buterin (with a team including Gavin Wood, Joseph Lubin, and others) Native Currency: Ether (ETH) Network: Ethereum Mainnet Ethereum is often called the "World Computer" because it enables decentralized computation across a global network. --- 2. History & Origin Ethereum was first proposed in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin in a whitepaper. He envisioned a blockchain that could go beyond Bitcoin’s limited scripting and support full Turing-complete programming. 2014: Ethereum’s development was crowdfunded via an ICO. 2015: The Ethereum network launched with the Frontier release. 2022: Ethereum transitioned from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake (The Merge). --- 3. Key Innovations a. Smart Contracts Self-executing contracts with code-defined rules. Once deployed, they cannot be altered and run as programmed. b. Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) The runtime environment for smart contracts. It allows anyone to run code in a decentralized and trustless way. c. Decentralized Applications (dApps) Applications built on Ethereum that operate without central servers. Examples include DeFi platforms, games, and NFT marketplaces. d. Token Standards Ethereum created standards for token creation: ERC-20: For fungible tokens (e.g., USDT, UNI) ERC-721: For non-fungible tokens (NFTs) ERC-1155: Multi-token standard supporting both fungible and NFTs --- 4. How Ethereum Works a. Proof of Stake (PoS) In September 2022, Ethereum replaced its energy-intensive Proof of Work system with Proof of Stake, reducing energy usage by ~99.95%. Validators stake ETH to secure the network and confirm transactions. Misbehaving validators can lose their staked ETH (slashing). b. Gas and Fees Executing operations on Ethereum costs gas, paid in ETH. Gas prices fluctuate based on network demand. c. Layer 2 Scaling Ethereum’s base layer is often congested. Layer 2 solutions (e.g., Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync) improve scalability by handling transactions off-chain and then settling them on Ethereum. --- 5. Ethereum’s Ecosystem Ethereum has the largest ecosystem in crypto, including: a. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Platforms like: Uniswap (DEX) Aave (lending/borrowing) MakerDAO (decentralized stablecoin DAI) b. NFTs Ethereum powers the biggest NFT platforms, including: OpenSea Foundation Zora c. DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) Code-governed communities that manage funds and make decisions collectively. d. Stablecoins Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC), and DAI are widely used on Ethereum for stable transactions. --- 6. Advantages of Ethereum Programmability: Supports complex applications via smart contracts. Network Effects: Massive developer and user community. Security: Highly decentralized and battle-tested. Transparency: All data and contracts are public on-chain. Ecosystem Size: Hosts thousands of dApps, tools, and protocols. --- 7. Challenges and Criticisms High Gas Fees: Especially during peak usage. Network Congestion: Transactions can be slow and expensive without Layer 2. Complexity: Smart contract bugs can lead to exploits (e.g., The DAO hack in 2016). Scalability: Still a work in progress. --- 8. Major Milestones a. The Merge (2022) Transitioned from PoW to PoS, making Ethereum greener and more scalable. b. Sharding (Upcoming) Will split the network into smaller parts (shards) to increase throughput. c. EIP-1559 (2021) Changed how fees work; introduced base fees and ETH-burning, making ETH potentially deflationary. --- 9. Ethereum vs. Bitcoin --- 10. Ethereum Today (2025) Price: Varies with market demand. Staked ETH: Millions of ETH are now locked in staking. Developers: Ethereum leads with the highest developer activity in crypto. Adoption: Used by institutions, individuals, and developers worldwide. --- 11. Future Outlook Ethereum 2.0: Continues to evolve post-Merge with sharding and rollups. Mainstream Use: Governments, banks, and corporations are exploring Ethereum-based applications. Web3 Infrastructure: Ethereum is at the heart of the decentralized internet movement. Interoperability: Bridges and multi-chain tools are connecting Ethereum to other ecosystems. --- Conclusion Ethereum is not just a cryptocurrency—it’s a full-fledged decentralized computing platform powering the future of finance, internet, and governance. Its innovation, versatility, and community make it a cornerstone of the blockchain revolution. ---

Ethereum isn’t just a cryptocurrency—it’s more like a global decentralized computer. Think of it as a world-wide machine that anyone can tap into to run code (smart contracts), store data, or create digital economies—without needing permission from a company or government. This idea powers a massive ecosystem of innovations: --- Ethereum Ecosystem Highlights DeFi (Decentralized Finance) Ethereum opened the floodgates for people to borrow, lend, trade, and earn interest—without banks. Platforms like Uniswap (DEX), MakerDAO (stablecoin DAI), and Curve changed how finance works online. DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) Ethereum lets people form communities that operate based on code. A DAO is like a digital co-op where members vote with tokens. No CEO, just smart contracts. Layer 2 Solutions To fix high fees and slow speeds, projects like Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync help scale Ethereum by moving transactions off the main chain and settling them back later. NFTs & Web3 Culture Ethereum gave rise to the NFT boom—digital art, collectibles, game items—all verifiable on the blockchain. This kickstarted a new wave of artists, gamers, and developers entering Web3. Enterprise Use Big companies (like Microsoft, JPMorgan, and Ernst & Young) have experimented with Ethereum for supply chains, audits, and smart contracts because of its transparency and programmability. --- Why Ethereum Still Matters Decentralization with Flexibility: More than just security, Ethereum offers programmability—you can build anything. Network Effects: Most Web3 developers and apps are still on Ethereum or compatible chains. Innovation Hub: It’s where new ideas in crypto often start.$ETH